Aircraft Winglets Essays

Airplane Winglets Essays Airplane Winglets Paper Airplane Winglets Paper Aircraft Winglets Many of us who fly routinely have most likely observed a supposed winglet or wingtip gadget toward the finish of the wing of a carrier at any rate once. It is appearing increasingly more frequently on an ever increasing number of sorts of airplane, in this way we felt it’s time to give an outline to our perusers about these occasionally entertaining, some of the time cool and polished looking airplane parts. History, Reason and Benefits The underlying hypothetical idea returns to times before even the Wright Brothers previously took to the skies in 1905, however it was gotten and created by Richard T. Whitcomb of NASA after the 1973 oil emergency †so as to lessen fuel utilization. The principal tests were completed in 1979/80 in collaboration with the U. S. Aviation based armed forces. At nearly a similar time, however autonomous of any U. S. military association, a personal jet maker, LearJet displayed a model in 1977: the LearJet 28 that included the first winglets on a stream and a creation airplane. Flight tests made with and without winglets demonstrated that the winglets expanded range by around 6. 5 percent and furthermore improved directional security for the LearJet-these two variables are the significant purposes for utilizing this office at any fixed wing airplane from that point forward. A winglet is a (close) vertical expansion of the wing tips. The upward edge of the winglet, its internal edge just as its size and shape are basic for right execution †this is the reason they can look very changed. Air turning around the wing strikes the outside of the winglet that guides it toward another path †therefore making an additional power, essentially changing over in any case squandered vitality to push. This is a little commitment however can spare a great deal for an administrator in an aircraft’s lifetime. Another likely advantage of winglets is that they decrease the quality of wingtip vortices, which trail behind the plane. At the point when other airplane go through these vortices, the violent air can cause loss of control, conceivably bringing about a mishap. Winglet Types when all is said in done any wingtips that not end the wing essentially on a level plane are considered as an a winglet. Despite the fact that in carefully specialized terms Wingtip Fences are not genuine expansions of the wing, and Raked Wingtips don't have a vertical part, they are still generally considered as winglet variations. WINGTIP FENCES are an uncommon variation of winglets, that broaden both upward and descending from the tip of the wing. Favored by European plane-producer Airbus, it is included on their full item extend (aside from the A330/340 family and the future A350). The Airbus A300 was really the main fly carrier to include this sort of arrangement as a matter of course, however it was an exceptionally little form of the instrument. Given that the greater part of the Airbus planes (counting all A320 family streams) highlight such wingtip wall, this might be the most observed and most delivered winglet type. Indeed, even the new Airbus A380 twofold decker highlights wingtip wall. Airbus Winglets as observed all things considered Airbus Winglets as observed from locally available BLENDED WINGLETS (the genuine â€Å"Winglets†) are the most well known winglet type, utilized via Airbus, Boeing, Embraer, Bombardier yet additionally by Russian Tupolev and Iljushin. Mixed winglets were first presented on the McDonnel Douglas MD-11 airplane in 1990 with dispatch client Finnair (it additionally includes a littler winglet at the base side of the wing). As opposed to Airbus who applies the wingtip fences as a matter of course on the greater part of their airplane (and the winglets on the A330/340 family), lended winglets are considered by Boeing for instance as a discretionary additional component on their items, with the exception of the Boeing 747-400. For a portion of the more established Boeing planes (737 and 757) such mixed winglets have been offered as a post-retail retrofit, these are the more up to date, tall structures and don't associate with the tip of the wing with a sharp edge, yet with a bend. The se winglets are mainstream among carriers that fly these airplane on medium/long stretch courses as a large portion of the genuine fuel investment funds appear while cruising. Longer flightsâ mean longer cruising, in this way bigger fuel reserve funds. Furthermore, they likewise server as advertising surface for carrier logos or web addresses as a rule. Just as of late the Boeing 767-300ER has gotten 3. 4 m high (! ) winglets delivered by Aviation Partners Inc. with American Airlines as the dispatch client with Air New Zealand and Hawaiian Airlines following with requests of 5â and 8 airplanes separately. 141 shipsets have been pre-soldâ already as the estimated fuel savingsâ rangeâ aroundâ 4%-6% for medium/long-extend flights. Airbus prior tried comparative mixed winglets structured by Winglet Technology for the A320 arrangement, yet discovered that their advantages didn't warrant further turn of events and they remained with the wingtip fences. Flying Partners Boeingâ claims that winglets on 737s and 757s have spared an aggregate 1. 2 billion lady. of fuel since they were presented and 11. 5 million tons of CO2 while decreasing those types’ clamor impression by 6. 5%. It has sold winglets to 140 carriers and 95% of all 737NGs are fitted with them. It is taking a shot at four winglet ideas for the 777 and plans to finish a structure for that airplane type by December, 2008. Mixed Winglets on Several Aircraft Types RAKED WINGTIPS are the latest winglet variations (they are presumably better named unique wings, though),â where the tip of the wing has a further extent of clear than the remainder of the wing. They are generally alluded to as winglets, however they are better portrayed as incorporated wingtip expansions as they seem to be (level) augmentations to the current wing, as opposed to the recently depicted (close) vertical arrangements. The expressed reason for this extra element is to improve mileage, climb execution and to abbreviate departure field length. It does this in much the equivalent wayâ as â€Å"traditional† winglets do. In testing by Boeing and NASA, raked wingtips have been appeared to decrease haul by as much as 5. 5%, instead of enhancements of 3. 5% to 4. 5% from ordinary winglets. Carriers to utilize raked wingtips: Boeing 747-8, Boeing 767-400ER, Boeing 777(- 200LR; - 300ER; and vessel renditions) in addition to the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner and the Airbus A350. The 747-8, the 787 and the A350 will have exceptional, new sort of wings, which don't have a different winglet, however have raked, and mixed wingtips integratedâ without a sharp point between the wing and the winglet. Raked Wingtips on the new Boeing 787 and Airbus A350 As you can see, wingtips/winglets have created and changed particularly throughout the most recent 30 years, yet are turning into the norm, which isn't demonstrated preferable by whatever else over the wing structures of future airplane by the biggest plane producers that highlight an implicit winglet at the tip of their new, developmental wings. Raked wingtip Boeing 787 Dreamliner rollout indicating raked wingtip Raked wingtips are an element on some Boeing aircrafts, where the tip of the wing has a further extent of clear than the remainder of the wing. The expressed motivation behind this extra element is to improve eco-friendliness and climb execution, and to abbreviate departure field length. It does this simi larly that winglets do, by expanding the successful angle proportion of the wing and hindering hurtful wingtip vortices. This abatements the measure of lift-instigated drag experienced by the airplane. In testing by Boeing and NASA, raked wingtips have been appeared to decrease haul by as much as 5. 5%, rather than enhancements of 3. 5% to 4. 5% from ordinary winglets. [16] While an identical increment in wingspan would be more powerful than a winglet of a similar length, the twisting power turns into a more prominent factor. A three-foot winglet has a similar twisting power as a one-foot increment in length, yet gives a similar presentation gain as a two-foot wing range increment. [27] For this explanation, the short-run Boeing 787-3 plan called for winglets rather than the raked wingtips highlighted on all other 787 variations. Raked wingtips are introduced on, or are intended to be introduced on: * Boeing P-8 Poseidon * Boeing 747-8 Freighter * Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental * Boeing 767-400ER * Boeing 777-200LR * Boeing 777-300ER * Boeing 777 Freighter * Boeing 787-8 Boeing 787-9 Anyway The exhibition of a business transport plane is regularly estimated as far as crucial and working expenses. Strategic can be improved by lessening plane drag during departure climb and journey, and by using plans that limit basic weight. Working expenses can be diminished by lessening plane voyage drag (subsequently, bringing about less fuel consume and less fuel costs) and by using structures that are modest to produce and keep up. Further, for business administrators, higher benefits can be accomplished by having the option to ship more clients and additionally products for a given flight. Since the extra payload expands departure weight, it is significantly increasingly alluring to diminish departure haul for departure climb-constrained missions. the same old thing here right ? The goals of decreasing drag, diminishing weight, and lessening multifaceted nature (thus assembling and upkeep costs) are regularly in strife. Including a wingtip expansion part can diminish the drag of a given plane, however this will for the most part require expanding basic weight IE winglets twist the damnation out of wing roots as a result of the expanded second arm thusly you have to augment the wing prudently on crappy wing structures the weight increment can waste of time the productivity increment by additing a winglet in any case.. Sooooooo Weight increments are because of the heaviness of the wingtip augmentation part and furthermore du

‘Pride and Prejudice’, ‘Tea in the Wendy House’, and ‘He said’ Essay

Pride and Prejudice is a novel of affection and marriage and how individuals have partialities about adoration. Pride is included as it obscures the seeing of genuine affection. Jane Austen shows this as she was a piece of society and she had direct understanding of this. In Tea in the Wendy House and He Said, there is an obvious change in the job of society and perspectives to love and marriage. This is a result of the various occasions every novel was composed. Jane Austen doesn't make the subject of marriage great, as she never expounds on a totally glad marriage. For instance Mr and Mrs Bennet’s relationship, this isn't a case of a decent marriage as Mr Bennet is continually insulting Mrs Bennet. ‘Or you may send them without anyone else, will be better, for you are as attractive of any of them’. Here Mr Bennet is deriding Mrs Bennet by saying she ought to proceed to visit Mr Darcy as she may wind up wedding him, as she is similarly as lovely. This was one of Austen’s goals to show that the general public she lived in was shallow. Another case of an awful marriage is of Charlotte Lucas and Mr Collins. Charlotte is just wedding Mr Collins, as it is her final retreat since she is viewed as an old maid at 27 years old. Normally young ladies are offered at youthful ages, as it is their solitary desire. This is appeared in Pride and Prejudice, yet in Tea in the Wendy House, despite the fact that Lyn has a chance of m arriage she is distraught. She feels compelled into wedding Graham and doesn’t get the opportunity to vent her actual sentiments appropriately. She believes she is likewise catching Graham into wedding her and turning into a dad. ‘I didn’t state anything, since Graham was so enthusiastic’. She is stressed over different people’s sentiments and hers however doesn't find the opportunity to show them. Though in He Said there is no way of Bev getting hitched to Errol, as he is excessively untrustworthy. This is a case of the manner in which society has changed definitely. In Pride and Prejudice it was relied upon for young ladies to escape and the most significant thing in their life. In Tea in the Wendy House there was some desire however not so much. In He Said society has changed so much that Errol doesn't think he needs to propose to Bev, despite the fact that she is pregnant. This additionally demonstrates the perspectives to sex before marriage. As Austen shows more awful relationships than great, there were a couple of upbeat relationships, as they contain a correspondence of character qualities between the couple. Elizabeth was too biased to even consider realizing her actual sentiments and Mr Darcy was excessively glad. Despite the fact that she does at long last acknowledge Darcy’s great characteristics. ‘She started to fathom that he was actually the man, in aura and gifts, would suit her’. This is the inverse in He Said, as Bev at long last understands that she is more grounded than Errol, and how she can adapt without him. ‘ I don’t care on the off chance that I never observe him again’. In Jane Austen’s books the important marriage is typically a direct result of possibility. On the off chance that Elizabeth didn't peruse Darcy’s letter and witness the elopement of Lydia and Wickham, she would have acknowledged the amount she esteems him. This is the inverse in Tea and the Wendy House as Graham and Lyn had known each other since their adolescents thus had became acquainted with one another better. ‘I was fourteen and Graham was fifteen’. As Errol and Bev’s relationship in He Said is simply founded on sex thus there was no past affirmation of character attributes. Mediation had its impact in the avoidance of Darcy and Elizabeth getting hitched. Elizabeth’s preferences intercede and forestall the marriage from the start. This doesn't occur to the fundamental character of Tea in the Wendy House however there is some intercession from Lyn’s guardians. In Pride and Prejudice Elizabeth’s mum is continually pushing her to get the best man she can. She is bossy and likes to get what she needs. In Tea and the Wendy House it is additionally Lyn’s mother that has a mediating nature as she is making the wedding dress. ‘She was caught up with, giving last contacts to the dress’. There is a distinction in He Said, as her folks don't intercede. In spite of the fact that her dad wouldn't like to engage with her circumstance, he feels no chance to get in surrendering her when she needs them most. As her dad is a priest of a congregation, he has severe strict convictions yet as he wouldn't like to help he seems to be a domineering jerk. ‘If that whore crosses my doorstep, I will strike her down. At that point he had gone to church’. This negates his strict perspectives. Status is another issue in the anticipation of the marriage of Darcy and Elizabeth. ‘Elizabeth’s wonder was past articulation. She gazed shaded questioned and was quiet. This he considered enough encouragement’. Darcy felt that Elizabeth would have said yes when he initially proposed, as she may never show signs of improvement offer as that one as he is a lot higher in status than she was. Darcy has significantly more cash than the Bennet’s. In this time it was viewed as better in the event that you could wed a man with a huge house and awesome salary. This was so he could accommodate his significant other when she had kids yet in addition to hotshot to other people. In He Said cash is as yet imperative to Bev as she is without anyone else without a spouse, so she needs to battle for herself. She is battling and in a poor activity. She lacks the monetary help from her folks like Lyn in Tea in the Wendy House. Bev’s possibilities are constrained due t o absence of cash and there is a slight proposal that this won't change a lot. There is a comparability among pride and bias and Tea in the Wendy House. This is on the grounds that Lyn and Elizabeth both have some budgetary help from their folks, despite the fact that it was not the most significant thing in Tea in the Wendy House. Lyn’s mother puts it across as a little something extra to the marriage, however having a great job is very significant. ‘ And he’s found a new line of work, and course there’s the house. You truly struck gold there’. Mr Collins likewise shows the status counteraction, as he anticipates that her should state yes yet it seems to be very bombastic. ‘ I am to acquire this domain after the passing of your father’. He is transparently expressing that he will claim Elizabeth’s house, as though it was nothing. In the genuine proposition of Mr Collins to Elizabeth it was very formal as he asked consent, which was normal in those occasions. This contrasts in the proposition of Graham to Lyn. He appeared to be humiliated, it was not exceptionally formal but rathe r still had the fairness to propose. ‘I disclosed to you it was silly, yet will you, will you wed me?’ There is no proposition in He Said. Errol clearly doesn't accept he needs to propose; not formal or courteous fellow like. Judgment has a serious large influence of pride and bias, as it was a critical society. Individuals are continually being judged. Elizabeth highly esteems great comprehension of what individuals resemble for the most part. ‘ The indulgence and general iniquity which he scripted exceedingly stunned her’. This shows how she wasn't right about Mr Wickham and Darcy caused her to understand this in the letter he kept in touch with her after he proposed. Decision making ability is being to see past misleading, pride self-importance and deception. ‘She attempted to recall some occasion of goodness, some recognized quality of integrity’. This shows Elizabeth wildly attempting to have some memory that Mr Wickham was not tricky and shrewd. Like Mr Darcy clarified in the letter. This is an awful judgment that Elizabeth has made, much the same as the awful judgment of Errol by Bev. She thought he was going to remain by her all through the pregnancy, yet he doesn't. ‘I don’t need anything to divide us†¦now he would not address her’. This shows how shallow and problematic Errol is. In spite of the fact that she knows Errol won't face up to his outcomes, it doesn't prevent her from fantasizing about the manner in which she might want things to be among her and Errol. ‘Imagining Errol holding her firmly, maybe his voice breaking with emotion’. Elizabeth’s first gathering with Mr Wickham contrasted with her first gathering with Mr Darcy it was not astounded she favored Mr Wickham. This made her extremely stunned at the proposition from Mr Darcy. This trap nearly carries Elizabeth to lose her future spouse, in spite of the fact that she comes to terms with her errors and revises them. ‘How disgustingly I have acted, I who have highly esteemed my wisdom and satisfied my vanity, satisfied with the inclination of one and outraged by the disregard of another’. This uncovers Elizabeth has perceived her errors and how she has treated the two men. Darcy has likewise beaten his pomposity and pride. Austen accepts that a glad marriage is based on decision making ability thus presents a certified discernment. So they perceive the truth about one another. Tea in the Wendy House, Lyn’s impression of Graham was not satisfactory, she was not being clear about her emotions. The author utilized the Wendy House as imagery to show that anyway impeccable something appears, it may not satisfy you. In spite of the fact that toward the end with the last Wendy House reference, you are left thinking about whether Lyn will ever be cheerful, yet in addition there is no notice of Graham being with her, in this perfect world. ‘The brilliant blue dividers appear to be surrounding her, the roof is coming ever closer. She is a mummy. It doesn’t matter that she can’t get out’. It is causing her to comply with the generalizations of run of the mill ladies. Bev in He Said has made an excursion of self-information, from detesting Errol for not remaining by her to acknowledging she can adapt without him, and oblige the pregnancy without anyone else. From the weights of society, the specialist revealing to her it is ideal to get a premature birth, her dad tossing her out, living in a dirty level and working in a dead

6 Food and Cookbooks by Women that Make Excellent Holiday or Hostess Gifts

6 Food and Cookbooks by Women that Make Excellent Holiday or Hostess Gifts With most recipes just a click away on the Internet, something seems so nostalgic and glamorous about thumbing through cookbooks in the kitchen. And in the cooking industry, which for too long has been dominated by men, its wonderful that so many amazing food and cookbooks came out this year written by strong, accomplished women. Whether wrapping something for under a Christmas tree or bringing a gift to a holiday party, any of these books would make an ideal present to the food loving people in your lives. Longthroat Memoirs: Soups, Sex and Nigerian Taste Buds  by  Yemisi Aribisala This collection of essays tackles the mythology and mystery behind Nigerian food. From the magical and aphrodisiac properties of fish stew to the prevalence of the yam and, of course, and exploration of soup, these essays examine cultural and gender politics related to the Nigerian palate. Energetic and detailed, this love letter to Nigeria mixes recipes in with engaging essays. Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat: Mastering the Elements of Good Cooking  by Samin Nosrat Samin Nostrat introduces herself on her website with three simple sentences: I cook. I write. I teach. All three of these talents are put to good use in this new expansive how-to cooking guide, combining 100 essential recipes with a deeper look at mastering the four aspects of good cooking. The beautiful illustrations by Wendy MacNaughton are the metaphorical icing on this perfectly baked cake of a cookbook. Designed to bring reflection and joy to the act of cooking, this is a perfect gift for people with all levels of comfort in the kitchen. Salad for President: A Cookbook Inspired by Artists  by Julia Sherman This book, based on Julia Shermans fabulous blog and instagram,  weaves together the food with the art world with one common theme: salad. In it, Julia visits the homes and gardens of working artists. She interviews them and photographs them cooking their favorite salads. The result is a collection of more than seventy five salads and a unique insight into the everyday lives of painters, musicians, sculptures, and photographers. Treat Yourself: How to Make 93 Ridiculously Fun No-Bake Crispy Rice Treats  by Jessica Siskin Have you seen Jessica aka Mister Krisps Instagram where she posts her amazing rice krispie creations? They never fail to impress and delight the inner nine-year-old in me, especially her amazing book-themed krisps. With beautiful pictures and easy to follow step by step instructions, this quirky no-bake cookbook makes it possible for everyone to make some of Mister Krisps most popular designs, from Christmas trees and Hanukkah menorahs to emojis and cheese burgers. Give a Girl a Knife  by Amy Thielen This food memoir tracks Amys journey from growing up near a french fry factory in rural Minnesota to becoming a line cook in some of New Yorks most prestigious fine dining restaurants and her eventual decision to move back home. Mixing together Midwestern humor, family stories, and her belief in the power of taste memory, this coming of age tale is full of fascinating and mouth watering descriptions of how she puts together a dish. Feed the Resistance: Recipes + Ideas for Getting Involved  by Julia Turshen 2017 was a rough year for a lot of people, and 2018 will probably be rough too. Inspired by the activism at the Womens March last January, chef and activist combines recipes from celebrated cooks, essays from grass roots organizers, and lists of resources to inspire readers to get involved. Many protest movements and moments of change begin with people who care sharing a meal. This book is designed to inspire people to fight for the causes they believe in and nurture themselves and their comrades with delicious and inexpensive meals.

6 Food and Cookbooks by Women that Make Excellent Holiday or Hostess Gifts

6 Food and Cookbooks by Women that Make Excellent Holiday or Hostess Gifts With most recipes just a click away on the Internet, something seems so nostalgic and glamorous about thumbing through cookbooks in the kitchen. And in the cooking industry, which for too long has been dominated by men, its wonderful that so many amazing food and cookbooks came out this year written by strong, accomplished women. Whether wrapping something for under a Christmas tree or bringing a gift to a holiday party, any of these books would make an ideal present to the food loving people in your lives. Longthroat Memoirs: Soups, Sex and Nigerian Taste Buds  by  Yemisi Aribisala This collection of essays tackles the mythology and mystery behind Nigerian food. From the magical and aphrodisiac properties of fish stew to the prevalence of the yam and, of course, and exploration of soup, these essays examine cultural and gender politics related to the Nigerian palate. Energetic and detailed, this love letter to Nigeria mixes recipes in with engaging essays. Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat: Mastering the Elements of Good Cooking  by Samin Nosrat Samin Nostrat introduces herself on her website with three simple sentences: I cook. I write. I teach. All three of these talents are put to good use in this new expansive how-to cooking guide, combining 100 essential recipes with a deeper look at mastering the four aspects of good cooking. The beautiful illustrations by Wendy MacNaughton are the metaphorical icing on this perfectly baked cake of a cookbook. Designed to bring reflection and joy to the act of cooking, this is a perfect gift for people with all levels of comfort in the kitchen. Salad for President: A Cookbook Inspired by Artists  by Julia Sherman This book, based on Julia Shermans fabulous blog and instagram,  weaves together the food with the art world with one common theme: salad. In it, Julia visits the homes and gardens of working artists. She interviews them and photographs them cooking their favorite salads. The result is a collection of more than seventy five salads and a unique insight into the everyday lives of painters, musicians, sculptures, and photographers. Treat Yourself: How to Make 93 Ridiculously Fun No-Bake Crispy Rice Treats  by Jessica Siskin Have you seen Jessica aka Mister Krisps Instagram where she posts her amazing rice krispie creations? They never fail to impress and delight the inner nine-year-old in me, especially her amazing book-themed krisps. With beautiful pictures and easy to follow step by step instructions, this quirky no-bake cookbook makes it possible for everyone to make some of Mister Krisps most popular designs, from Christmas trees and Hanukkah menorahs to emojis and cheese burgers. Give a Girl a Knife  by Amy Thielen This food memoir tracks Amys journey from growing up near a french fry factory in rural Minnesota to becoming a line cook in some of New Yorks most prestigious fine dining restaurants and her eventual decision to move back home. Mixing together Midwestern humor, family stories, and her belief in the power of taste memory, this coming of age tale is full of fascinating and mouth watering descriptions of how she puts together a dish. Feed the Resistance: Recipes + Ideas for Getting Involved  by Julia Turshen 2017 was a rough year for a lot of people, and 2018 will probably be rough too. Inspired by the activism at the Womens March last January, chef and activist combines recipes from celebrated cooks, essays from grass roots organizers, and lists of resources to inspire readers to get involved. Many protest movements and moments of change begin with people who care sharing a meal. This book is designed to inspire people to fight for the causes they believe in and nurture themselves and their comrades with delicious and inexpensive meals.

Essay on The World Largest Minority People with...

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that between 10 to 15 percent of the world’s population, or approximately1 billion people, live with disabilities, making people with disabilities the world’s largest minority (WHO 2011, WRC 2008, UN 2012). Among the millions of refugees living in camps are a large number of people with disabilities. It is estimated that between 4.5 and 6.8 million of the world’s 45.2 million forcibly displaced persons also live with disabilities. Among displaced persons who have fled civil conflict, war or natural disasters, the number with disabilities may be even higher (WRC 2008, UN 2012). Yet persons with disabilities remain among the most hidden, neglected and socially excluded of all displaced people†¦show more content†¦As of April 2014, the Convention has 158 Signatories, 145 parties and has been ratified by over 100 countries the fastest take up of any international rights based mechanism ( UNCRPD 2014). Don Mackay, chairman of the Committee that negotiated the treaty states that â€Å"what the Convention endeavors to do, is to elaborate in detail the rights of persons with disabilities and set out a code of implementation† (CRPD, UN 2006 WEB). The CRPD clearly and unconditionally states that people with disabilities have equal access and the right to the full and active enjoyment of all human rights- the removal of barriers explicitly termed as a condition for access and the enjoyment of equality (pg 13 UNCRPD Schulze). This is a considerable step towards equal rights for people living with a disability, but how does this directly affect refugees and asylum seekers with disabilities? One of the first questions that parties to the CRPD raised during its drafting, was whether it actually applies to refugees at all. Some suggested that obligations owed in the CRPD could only be applied to nationals. They cited that in some countries, the social and economic environments could make it difficult to support the needs of nationals with disabilities, let alone those of stateless refugees and asylum seekers often arriving in large numbers. Underlying this position was the view that refugees and asylumShow MoreRelatedThe Disabled And Mentally Disabled Youth Transitioning For Adults Experience Improper Health Care1024 Words   |  5 Pagesamong the disabled children of minorities. Predominantly due to the high rate of individuals having no insurance coverage, along with other socio economic reasons such as low income, gender, and housing demographics. Other disparities in individuals’ health are the improper treatment by healthcare providers and the healthcare syst em. These inequalities leave many young people with disabilities stranded without their fundamental needs for proper care. 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Health Promotion Is A Positive Way - 969 Words

Health promotion is defined as promoting health, enhancing the quality of life and preventing disease, disability or death. Health promotion plays a very significant role throughout our everyday lives. Healthcare professionals such as physicians and registered nurses need to be aware of health education of the patient. Health promotion is a positive way in promoting healthy behaviors in all individuals. There are many different areas of health promotion. Some education includes, diabetes management, healthy eating, weight loss and alcohol use. Alcohol misuse is described as an increase in alcohol consumption that puts an individual at an increased risk for health problems. The United States estimates there has been a thirty percent increase in the number of adults who are drinking more than the recommended amount of alcohol, increasing their risk for physical, mental, and social health issues (Welsh, Earley, Delahanty, Wright, Berens, Williams, Barnett DiClemente, 2013). Twenty-five percent of these individuals are meeting the qualifications for alcohol dependence and tolerance, which is becoming a major issue throughout the United States (Welsh et al, 2013). Alcohol misuse is just the start to many issues a person can have when they continue with the unsafe alcohol consumption. When drinking over the recommended amount of alcohol, there are short term and long term risks that can occur. 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Details of College Essay Samples Uf Format

Details of College Essay Samples Uf Format The increasing number of essay writing services is wholly overwhelming. After you determine which schools require which essays, you can settle on the precise number of original essays that you'll actually must write. When you have looked at all the essays that you should write for all your target schools, you should begin studying the selection of essays which you will want to write for each individual school. Before you commence writing your essays, you will want to confirm the length requirements on the essays for all your target schools. Students should follow the normal personal essay format. Therefore, many students and employees decide to purchase inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. Choosingessay topics is essential for a student. If you've got academic projects you would like to work on, research you wish to do, or entrepreneurship competitions you wish to enter they can help you to receive all of the crucial info. You might see college essay templates on the internet that offer guidelines about how to structure your essay and what things to say in each individual paragraph. The Good, the Bad and College Essay Samples Uf Format Maybe it turned out to be a different feature of the admission process that solidified your application. Most colleges have specific essays which they will ask you to write, so knowing the topics beforehand and selecting a particular subject that meets your areas of expertise is crucial. Following that, you need to cover the order. It's very beneficial to take writing apart to be able to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. One particular important element of the essay is that the student doesn't repeat informat ion which is already included within all the forms, including grades and activities the student is involved in. A student's grade point average is a great indicator of whether a student will be in a position to be successful at college. Professor Mitchell obtained a grant to have a category of students to Belgium as a way to study the EU. By taking honors or advanced placement courses, a student demonstrates they aspire to obtain knowledge that wouldn't be obtained in a normal course. They all are specialized in various fields, and we always understand who will write the very best paper you will need. Now you have the format right, it's time to learn some suggestions that will help you earn a killer impact by means of your essay. In addition, the format stays the exact same irrespective of the period of the essay. Use the proper format. Great writing doesn't necessarily mean lengthy writing. The cost of an essay depends upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. David understands the tone perfect, something which is hard to do in a transfer essay. The author starts with a rather thorough story of an event or description of an individual or place. In case you've got this kind of assignment so that you're freaking out, just take it simple and look at other opportunities. Our writers also undergo a string of other training that could truly convince us they are excellent for the job. Be original and if there's a demand for extra research, cite your references properly. Some colleges can request that you write something creative. Whenever an opportunity to lead occurs, I never fail to do it. Once you brainstorm, you will know what you would like to say, but you have to decide how you're likely to say it. If you are searching for a quick college application essay help, you're at the proper spot. If you're going to get in the college of your dreams, you ought to consider how to compose an application essay that stands out from the crowd. Things You Should Know About College Essay Samples Uf Format The single most essential part of your essay preparation could be simply ensuring you truly understand the question or essay prompt. The title should not just sell your essay in a couple of words but in addition offer a notion about the most crucial point which you're going to make through the essay. You don't only want to write a couple of essays all on the subject of your work with Model UN. You're able to have a look at the the latest Forum post for the complete announcement. There are numerous essay topics that you're able to use in your essay. College admissions also be based on the essay you write. You wish to adhere broadly to the wisdom that every paragraph ought to have an identifiable primary concept, but a college essay is definitely an extraordinary opportunity to break free from the five-paragraph essay. It's only normal to be anxious about hiring an on-line essay writer as you can not ever be sure whether you are employing the appropriate service or not.

Why Marshall Plan And The Berlin Airlift Blockade Important

Question: Describe the condition of Europe after World War II. Answer: Introduction After World War II, Cold War came up as the biggest military and political tension between the powers of Western and Eastern countries. The Western Bloc included United States and its NATO allies, while the Eastern part was the Soviet Union and its allies. The historians have not completely agreed on the time period of Cold War, but it is considered during the period of 1947 till 1991. The term cold is associated with this historical event because there was large scale struggle between the two sides. Though, during that period there were many proxy wars happened in the regional communities of both sides[1]. The Marshall Plan of the year 1947 and the Berlin Blockade in the year 1948 have been considered as significant episodes in the evolution of Cold War. However, it is very important to understand the preconditions that made these two controversial affairs as the key factors. The essay aims to find out the key actors that made Marshall Plan and Berlin Blockade as the major factors responsible for the evolution of Cold War. Condition of Europe after World War II After the end of Second World War, Europe was left in the devastated condition. There was a critical economic downfall in Europe. Millions of people had been killed in the war, while many of them were wounded. The major cities of Europe were ruined and it was in great need of economic reform[2]. The war had affected the agriculture and destruction was so high that many of the Europeans could not have enough food. The transportation system and infrastructure were greatly harmed, which led to many problems.[3] The destruction was extensive in major parts of the continent. There was scarcity of food, raw material due to which production was affected. The problem of displaced people and refugees had also increased. In Eastern Europe the victory was celebrated, the continent was in terrible state. Some of the historians believed that not only Europe, but the whole world was affected and other nations were also worried about their security[4]. According to, Melvyn P. Leffker, the political, social and economic instabilities in the Europe were the reason behind the formation of President Trumans Marshall Plan and was followed by the Berlin Blockade[5]. The Marshall Plan According to the historians and scholars, Berlin Blockade is considered to be the major crisis caused by the tension of Cold War. The reference of this could be seen in the works of Louis Halle and George Kennan. However it is arguable that tension between both the countries had decreased in the year 1945.[6] The fear of communalism was worsened in Europe after World War II. The communist parties were gaining popularity in the Western Europe and it was believed that if living conditions are not improved, communist leaders will be elected[7]. This was the situation, which alarmed the Americans, who wanted to save themselves from the threat of communism. Thus in June 1947 the plan to help Europe to rebuild was announced. Marshall Plan was meant to help the war-torn Europe to rebuild itself. This plan was implemented in the year 1948 till 1951. The sixteen European countries were aided through Marshall Plan; this was done in order to help the countries economically so that they can overcome from the destruction of war. Officially, this plan was called as ERP, which means European Recovery Plan.[8] This program was named after the United States Secretary of States George C. Marshall, as he had played an important role in forming this plan. George F. Kennan also played a vital role in instrumentation of this program[9]. Thirteen million dollars were given to Europe under Marshall Law. The aid was provided in the form of food supplies, machinery, fuels and other necessities. The most substantial amount of aid was given to France, Great Britain and West Germany. It could also be said that France and Great Britain were the closest allies of America during the war and thus America wanted to make these count ries prosperous[10]. The offer of Marshall Plan was open for Eastern European nations and USSR, but it was rejected by Stalin stating that this aid was politically motivated. Stalin believed that America is trying to win people, who live in Soviet sphere so that those people will support the Western bloc[11]. Marshall Plan helped in fast recovery of Europe[12]. And, in very short span of time the living standards of people had been improved with eradication of extreme poverty. The Marshall Plan was successful in reducing the influence of Communist parties in the Western Europe.[13] The Soviet Union was frustrated and considered it as the anti-communist move by America. Thus, Marshall Plan created tension between East and West and world was persuaded with the new political clash between America and Soviet Union. Thus, Marshall Plan made the Cold War a reality for the people of both the countries.[14] Another major event that led to tension between East and West was the use of atomic bomb over Nagasaki and Hiroshima. This event broke down the remaining relations between Soviet Union and United States. Thus Marshal Plan had played a substantial role in the evolution of cold war. The Truman Doctrine also increased the agitation between both the powers. This doctrine stated that America should support the countries and government, which are non-communist and facing attacks by the communist movements under their boundaries or are under the threat of being invaded by the communist countries.[15] This was considered as the proxy war against Soviet Union. Under Truman Doctrine the aid of four hundred billion dollars was given to Greece and Turkey. This money greatly helped the Greek government to fight against the communist rebels and also worked as warning sing for the Soviet Union to stay away from Turkey. American politics and relation with USSR were highly affected due to Marshall Law followed by Truman Doctrine and the struggle remained between two countries for 40 long years of Cold War. The desire behind the Marshall Plan was to eradicate communism from the Eastern Europe because the capitalist West believed that devastation of Europe pos World War II would be the benefit for the USSR to create its extension.[16] Berlin Blockade The Germany was divided between the Western allies and Soviet Union, same way the city of Berlin was also divided. The Eastern half of the Berlin was under the control of Soviet Union, while Western half was controlled by French, British and Americans. The city of Berlin was under the Soviet half of Germany, thus the allied controlled parts of the city were entirely cut off. In order to have the entire Berlin under their control, the Soviet power started dragging the American forces out of their territory[17]. In the June 1948, the Soviets started blocking the Western allies by restricting canals, roads, railway, and traffic between the western and the eastern sectors of Berlin.[18] The food shipments were also stopped and electricity of Western Berlin was cut off. Due to this situation, the Western Berlin was becoming isolated. This situation was called as Berlin Blockade. The situation of the people in Western Berlin became very traumatic as they had no access to the outside world. The Soviet Union put forward the condition, that they would remove the blockade, if the Western allies would withdrew the newly formed Deutsche mark from the West Berlin.[19] The people even feared that this situation will lead to World War III. When all the efforts of diplomacy failed to show any signs of improvement, United States organized a new plan, which was called as Berlin airlift. The Western allies sent plans carrying food supplies and other things to the people in Western Berlin. Approximately 200,000 flights were flown in one year to supply food and fuel to the people[20]. More than seven hundred aircrafts were used during the airlift. The Soviets did not interrupt between the airlifts, as they feared that this will lead to open war between the two powers. Thus, according to the Western allies, airlifting was the best way to oppose the Berlin Blockade.[21] Thus Berlin Blockade also became n important factor in the evolution of cold war between America and Soviet Union. After the World War II, Berlin Blockade was considered as the first major crisis that paved the path for the Cold War. This crisis was the result of occupation policies between Soviet Union and America[22]. At the end of the Second World War, the future of Germany was in danger due to the division. The decision of division of the zones of occupation was the only significant choice according to wartime planning. Even after the end of War, the issue of Germany was not resolved and was not effectively stated in the Potsdam Conference in the year 1945. There was no stability and reliability among the leaders of Britain and America. The results of occupational policy were also not foreseen. The population of two and a half billion people in Berlin was divided between the four occupation zones. The people faced profound destruction; with allied bombing, the city was turned into ruins and economic life of people was under the dark shadow[23]. Still, caught up in such situation, Berlin played an important role in the struggle against Soviet Union. Soviets had the threat that there economy might fall and thus they did the Blockade. Stalin believed that by seizing the control over the Western allied Berlin they could protect themselves.[24] Thus, the three major reasons that resulted in the Berlin Blocked were the creation of Marshall Plan for the rebuilding of the ruined Europe, The conference of London in spring and winter of 1948 and London program that called for the currency reform in West Germany.[25] The blockade had increased the tension between the two powers. Blockade was finally ended by the Soviets in the year 1949 after the counter measures applied by the West with continued ban over process of exports from the Eastern bloc[26]. The city of Berlin had become the forfeit in the play of power, politics, propaganda and ideologies. The Russians lose their interest in East German when Socialist Unity Party lost the elections to Social Democrats in the year 1946.[27] Berlin Blockade became a significant episode in the evolution of Cold War, as the decision to isolate Berlin could have turned into a big military conflict.[28] It did not change into the big war due to the international environment post Second World War. As, in this environment a big war would have not been in the favor of Soviet Union as well as for America. The administration of Truman was not ready to start a new war, so they decided that use military will not be right. Thus, the airlift was done.[29] In the year 1950, the invasion of Korea also intensified the tensions of Cold War. According to S.J. Ball that is invasion symbolize how close the Cold War came to hot war.[30] Though, it can be said the before Berlin Blockade, the conflict between America and Soviet Union had been fuelled. The combination of the three major reasons further increased the agitation. And, thus Berlin Blockade became a major crisis for the Cold War[31]. Conclusion Cold War is one of the significant events of the War history. Cold War was the situation that included military and political conflicts between Western Bloc and Eastern Bloc. This was also the result of the post Second World War tension. The cold war between United States and Soviet Union lasted for many years. This led into intensifying the tension between the two powers and a series of international events that closely affected the whole world. There being no large scale fights, still resulted in many proxy wars[32]. The Nazi Germany was left behind and the two new supreme powers of the world were United States and Soviet Union. Both the powers had great political and economic differences, which led to prolonged war between them. The formation of Marshall Plan program was done to rebuild Europe, which has suffered great destruction in the Second World War. After the end of the war, Europe was completely devastated and ruined. People did not have enough to eat and economy had fallen greatly. Marshall Plan provided the aid of thirteen billion dollars to Western Europe, to rebuild them. The aid was provided in the form of food supplies, fuel, machineries etc. The aim of America behind creating Marshall Plan was to bring economic and political stability in the continent and to stop communism. This program resulted in reducing the communist influence. The Soviets were angered by this program and thus this agitation resulted in Berlin Blockade. The city of Berlin was divided in four occupation zones. The Eastern part of Berlin was under the control of Soviet Union. By the London conference in the year 1948, Soviets feared that there economy will fall with currency reform of Western Berlin. Thus, they blocked Western Berlin by making it isolated, through cutting electricity, blocking roads and railways and even water canals. Thus Americans have to take the action of Berlin Airlift to provide supplies to the isolated population of Western Berlin. The Soviets were humiliated by the success of the airlift and thus end the blockade[33]. Thus it is correct to say that Marshall Plan and Berlin Blockade were the significant events in the evolution of Cold War. Bibliography Autio-Sarasmo, S., 2012. Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, eds, The Cambridge History of the Cold War.European History Quarterly,42(1), pp.174-177. Daniloff, N., 2012. David E. Hoffman, The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy. New York: Doubleday, 2009. 577 pp.Journal of Cold War Studies,14(1), pp.129-132. Friedman, N., 2001. The fifty year war: Conflict and strategy in the cold war.The RUSI Journal,146(3), pp.20-25. Gaddis, J.L., 1978.Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: an interpretive history(pp. 94-95). New York: Wiley. Gaddis, J.L., 1997. We now know.New York: Oxford UP. Haslam, J., 2011.Russia's Cold War: from the October Revolution to the fall of the wall. Yale University Press. Heller, H., 2006.The Cold War and the new imperialism: A global history, 1945-2005. Monthly Review Pr. House, J.M., 2012.A Military History of the Cold War, 1944-1962. University of Oklahoma Press. Hopkins, M.F., 2007. Continuing debate and new approaches in Cold War history.The Historical Journal,50(04), pp.913-934. Isaac, J. and Bell, D. eds., 2012.Uncertain empire: American history and the idea of the Cold War. Oxford University Press. Johnston, G., 2010. Revisiting the Cultural Cold War.Social History,35(3), pp.290-307. Judge, E.H. and Langdon, J.W., 2011.The Cold War: A Global History with Documents. Prentice Hall. Lewis, G.J., 2005. The Cold War: A New History. Leffler, M.P., 1992.A preponderance of power: National security, the Truman administration, and the cold war. Stanford University Press. Lthi, L.M., 2010.The Sino-Soviet split: Cold War in the communist world. Princeton University Press. McKenzie, F., 1999. SJ Ball, The Cold War: An International History, 1947-1991.Canadian Journal of History,34(1). Makhotina, E. and Applebaum, A., 2013. Iron Curtain. The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 19441956. McMahon, R., 2003. The Cold War: A Very Short History. Miller, R.G., 2000.To save a city: The Berlin airlift, 1948-1949(Vol. 68). Texas AM University Press. Sakwa, R., 2005.The rise and fall of the Soviet Union. Routledge. J. Ball, 1998,The Cold War: An International History 1947-1991, (London) Smith, J. and Davis, S., 2005.The A to Z of the Cold War(Vol. 8). Scarecrow Press. Stone, N., 2010.The Atlantic and Its Enemies: A Personal History of the Cold War. Basic Books. Tucker, S.C. and Roberts, P.M., 2007. The Encyclopedia of the Cold War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 5 Volume Set. Vojtech, M., 1996. The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity. The Stalin Years. Wettig, G., 2008.Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: the emergence and development of East-West conflict, 1939-1953. Rowman Littlefield. Wiener, J., 2012.How we forgot the Cold War: a historical journey across America. Univ of California Press. Zubok, V.M., 2009.A failed empire: the Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. Univ of North Carolina Press.

Atonement -The Opening Chapter Essay Example

Atonement Atonement -The Opening Chapter Paper Atonement -The Opening Chapter Paper Essay Topic: Literature As stated by Geoff Dyer the opening of Ian McEwans Atonement is almost perversely ungripping Set to inform rather than attract the reader, the first chapter of the novel is seemingly boring and pointless, on first inspection. However on deeper analysis the opening is found to be effective in setting up the rest of the novel, and foreshadowing the tragic events that occur as a result of the crime committed on that hot summers day. The focus of the opening chapter is to explore and describe the novels main character, Briony, and the aspects of her personality that lead to the novels conflict and heartbreak. This chapter also introduces many of the novels other main characters and relates them to the novels key concerns. The most important function of the opening chapter is to explore the character of Briony. From the opening sentence of the novel Briony is established as an imaginative and idealistic young girl, whose dedication to writing is lightly humoured by McEwan the play was written in a two-day tempest of composition, causing her to miss a breakfast and a lunch. The seriousness Briony sees in missing a breakfast and a lunch highlights a girlish innocence and naivety, which evidently fades as the novel progresses, and Brionys views on life change. Up until this point Briony has lived a relatively protected life, away from the conflict of the outside world, giving Briony a sheltered view on life and relationships. This sheltered view of relationships is shown in this chapter through the characters of her play The Trials of Arabella in which the heroine marries her medical prince on a windy sunlit day in spring. To Briony the reality of some relationships, being conflict, heartbreak and possibly divorce, belonged in the realm of disorder, lost to the idea of a wedding and a dizzy lifelong union. Her fantasies allow her to create any world she wants in which falling in love could be achieved in a single word a glance and a crisis in a heroines life could be made to coincide with hailstones. This perfectly created world that Briony has the ability to construct is what causes her inability to understand that real life cannot be constructed in the same way as her stories, and ultimately leads to conflict later in the novel. As stated by McEwan earlier in the chapter she did not have it in her to be cruel however her ignorance of reality and her passion for fantasies lead to the crime for which she must spend the rest of her life atoning for. The major problems in the novel occur due to Brionys adult ambition to write stories competing with her child-like love of fantasies and being the centre of attention. This is shown when McEwan describes the steps Briony takes before allowing her finished pieces of writing to be read only when a story was finished, all fates resolved and the whole matter sealed off at both ends ould she bind the chapters with a piece of string, paint or draw on the cover, and take the finished work to show her mother. Brionys maturity in resolving all fates is contradicted by the child-like idea of painting on the cover and showing her mother her finished piece of work. This highlights the opening of the novel as a turning point for Briony in which she is beginning to experience the adult world, as her mother recognises ah, that hot smooth little body she remembered from its infancy, and still not gone from her, not quiet yet. The arrival of her fifteen year-old cousin, Lola, furthers Brionys transition into adulthood, as Lolas sophisticated and mature appearance gives Briony a constricting sensation around her sternum. This is symbolic of the maturity in which Briony wishes she has, the maturity to take control of situations like Lola controls the twins, and the maturity to be treated as and look like an adult. Briony feels patronised by Cecilias enthusiasm which she sees tainted with condescension and victimised by the advance of Lolas dominion. It is here, however, in the midst of her longing to become an adult that Briony slips back into her child-like self-pity and fantasises to run away, eat berries and be found by a bearded woodsman one winters daw, curled up at the base of the giant oak, beautiful and dead, and barefoot, or perhaps wearing the ballet pumps the addition of the ballet pumps, a childs addition,confirming Briony as being not yet prepared for the adult world. In addition to the above themes of fantasies and growing up, it is through Briony that McEwan introduces the idea of marriage and the importance of social class. Brionys portrayal of marriage and love in her stories is representative of societies expectations at that point in time. As shown through The Trials of Arabella it was not socially acceptable to fall in love with a wicked foreign count (or a man of lower social status) and family would only approve of a wedding with the medical prince (or a man of equal or greater social status). Furthermore, as Briony reflects on divorce later in the chapter, as an affliction which she did not regard as a proper subject and a mundane unravelling that could not be reversed she mirrors societys views on divorce. It is evident that divorce is a rarely spoken of subject in the upper-class society in which the novel is set, which is why the arrival of the cousins from the north evokes very little sympathy in Briony. Brionys opinions and characters though representative of the views and values of the entire society, more accurately represent the Tallis household. It is suggested later in the novel that the cause of the father, Jack Tallis continued absence may be due to an affair, however Emily Tallis rejects this idea preferring not to know why Jack spent so may executive nights in London. This ignorance of her husbands whereabouts is Emilys attempt at avoiding conflict and her way of making her marriage appear normal and happy. Emily is the character in the novel most preoccupied with society and the appearance of normality. This is reflected in the opening chapter when McEwan talks of her criticising the impulsive behaviour of her younger sister and lament the situation of her three children it is through this that she expresses her views on the ideal family being free of conflict when she states the children can stay provided, the parents ept their quarrels away from the house. However Emily is so preoccupied with her illness and having her house appear normal that she does not take the time to properly acknowledge Briony. The exception being when she reads Brionys stories/plays, for which Briony is the projects highest point of fulfilment. It is this longing and love of attention from her family that spurs Brionys passion for storytelling and fantasies and ultimately leads to the conflict that occurs in the chapters that follow. Geoff Dyers comment that the opening is almost perversely ungripping is true of the first chapter of Atonement, to an extent. Though the opening appears dull and unlike the expected introduction of a novel, it is, upon closer analysis and effective way of setting up the rest of the novel. Particularly through its exploration of the main character, Briony and her connection to the other characters and the novels key concerns.

Curium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements

Curium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements Periodic Table of the Elements Curium  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 96 Symbol: Cm Atomic Weight: 247.0703 Discovery: G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, A.Ghiorso, 1944 (United States) Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2 Curium Physical Data Atomic Weight: 247.0703 Element Classification: Radioactive Rare Earth Element (Actinide Series) Name Origin: Named in honor of Pierre and Marie Curie. Density (g/cc): 13.51 Melting Point (K): 1340 Appearance: silvery, malleable, synthetic radioactive metal Atomic Radius (pm): 299 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 18.28 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.3 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): (580) Oxidation States: 4, 3 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) Return to the Periodic Table Chemistry Encyclopedia

Critically explore the notion of revolution and its potential impacts Essay

Critically explore the notion of revolution and its potential impacts on social development - Essay Example The most well-known revolutions in the west history include The French Revolution (1789), the English Revolution (1640), the Russian Revolution (1917) and the American Revolution (1776) (Goldstone 1982, p.189). Social development, on the other hand, is the progressive and qualitative transformation of the social order within a society because of changes in ideologies. In this respect, social development is a function of social change; societies continuously undergo changes that result in improved institutional structures. Revolution and social development are thus closely related in that society progresses by evolutionary mechanisms; society’s reorganization through revolutions is the first step to social change, thus social development accordingly. Social development implies an improvement in social institutions that lead to improved quality of life in the society. Since time immemorial, many theorists have tried to explain the linkage between revolutions and social developme nt; specifically, a lot of attention has been drawn to the causal relationship between revolutions and social development. ... However, all these revolutions have instigated fundamental changes in cultures, economies and socio-political structures in those ancient societies. The notion of revolution has interested historians and political scientists for many years to the effect that the study of revolution has led to the evolution of two broad approaches; the historical and theoretical approaches (Lipsky 1976, p.495). The historical approach mainly focuses on the course of events of a given revolution in history, outlining its development and causal factors. The theoretical approach, on the other hand, is interested in formulating a general theory of revolution through examination of selected examples of revolutions in history; theorists in this approach focus on cause-effect relationships and classification of revolutions into various types. They are also interested in the dynamics of the revolutionary process and the long-term impact of revolutions on society. The causes of revolutions have been a focal po int in revolution studies; theorists have tried to explain the origin of revolutions as a two-step process; a sudden change in the existing order occurs creating the conditions for a revolution to occur. In such enabling socio-political environment, any unfortunate eventuality in a society such as a poor harvest can trigger a revolution. For instance, Marxism posits that revolution is a result of the inevitable conflict between classes for the means of production (Britannica.com, n.d). Tocqueville, another 19th century theorist, argues that revolutions in a society arise out of the demand for accelerated socio-economic progress (Lipsky 1976, p.496). However, modern approaches have linked revolutions to multiple

Economic Crisis in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic Crisis in Europe - Essay Example This report will discuss the root causes of economic crisis in Greek and Spain followed by discussing some economic and financial strategies these countries have implemented to deal with the on-going economic and financial problems within its banking sector. Eventually, several lessons drawn from the public policies which aim to improve the performance of the banking industry in Greece and Spain including the broader economy in general will be tackled in details. Prior to conclusion, potential implications on other European economies and the U.S. will be identified if the on-going European economic crisis is left unmanaged. Root Causes of Economic Crisis in Greek and Spain The economic crisis in Greek started in mid-2000s when the country was adversely affected by the global financial crisis. Specifically the global financial crisis during the mid-2000s has triggered a significant impact on its tourism, banking, insurance, and shipping industry (Talebi, 2012). To keep its economy sus tainable, the Greek government went through a series of loan from the European Union (EU), the European Central Bank (ECB), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and some major banks in France and Germany (Alderman & Ewing, 2012; The New York Times, 2012). Since the total government deficit of Greece has reached $400 billion, its interest rate increases while the Fitch downgraded its sovereign debt rating to â€Å"BB+ status† or â€Å"junk status† (Hurriyet Daily News, 2012; Kollewe & Neville, 2012; The New York Times, 2011). As a result of excessive government deficit, Europe’s economic recovery is now being threatened (The New York Times, 2012). The case of Spain is similar but totally different from Greece. Even though the Spanish government has incurred a high government deficit, this country managed to cut down its government deficit from 11.2% down to 9.2%, and 8.5% in 2009, 2010, and 2011 respectively (Weardan, 2012; Johnson, 2011). Due to high unemploym ent rate of 23.3% (Eurostat, 2012), Spain is unable to control its private mortgage debt (The Economist, 2012). Eventually, failure to manage the private mortgage debt can lead to economic problem related to housing bubble (Egan, 2012; Smyth, Callanan, & Doyle, 2012). Economic and Financial Strategies Implemented by Greek and Spain In general, government bailout is considered as a significant part of a country’s gross debt but not as a sovereign debt. For this reason, the Greek and Spanish governments are using government bailouts as a strategy to solve their economic and financial problems. Specifically the Greek government started requesting for a series of bailout loans to make its economy run under a normal economic condition. Back then, its first bailout loan worth $146.2 billion (â‚ ¬110 billion) happened on the 1st of May 2010 (BBC News, 2012) followed by its second bailout loan worth â‚ ¬130 billion in October 2011 (The New York Times, 2012). Using these bailout loans, the Greek government was able to reduce its primary government deficits even before it reaches the interest payments. As a result, the Greek government was able to cut down its deficit from â‚ ¬24.7billion in 2009 (Smith, 2012) to â‚ ¬5.2 in 2011 (Financial Info, 2012). There are several economic consequences with regards to Greek government’s decision to increase taxes on private sectors. First of all, its private sector and the overall economic growth of the country that is badly affected with the use of

Examining media representation of mental disorders

Examining media representation of mental disorders In the following assignment we will discuss the way of media representation of mental disorder. Additionally, a brief description of the film Me, Myself Irene will take place in order to understand how the media misrepresent mental disorder. Furthermore, we will try show the real relationship between violence and mental disorder and thus, how accurate are media portrayals of this mental health problem. Ultimately, we will explain the impact of negative media representation on the mentally ill people and on the public. Mass media representation of mental disorder is negative and describes mentally ill people as monsters. Medias sovereign depictions of mental health problems appear to emphasize violence, dangerousness and criminality as long as Poor, unbalanced press coverage of mental health issues fuels stigma and reduces the quality of life for sufferers, says a leading charity (www.news.bbc.co.uk). This inappropriate representation causes severe stigma, moral panic, ostracism, as well as discrimination and victimization of these individuals. Me, Myself Irene, is a comedy film directed from the Farrelly brothers and was released in U.K on September 22, 2000. The plot of the movie is about one mentally ill man Charlie Baileygates who is passive and generally peaceful. He has split personality and thus his alter ego (Hank) is aggressive, foul-mouthed and violent. Charlie has been diagnosed with delusionary schizophrenia with involuntary narcissistic rage, and whenever Charlie does not take his medication, Hunk takes his place causing several problems because of his turbulent mental state. His behaviour becomes obscene as he defecates on a neighbours lawn and suckles from a strangers breast. This uncontrolled rage makes Hank to make fun of one man with albinism who explains that he killed his entire family but was released early just to make room for psychos. Both Charlie (good) and Hank (evil) try to protect Irene from a gang of corrupt cops who want her dead. Menacing Hank insults and punches nearly everyone he encounters and Irene apologises all the time for Hanks behaviour, explaining that he is a schizo. The film raised many dilemmas about its inappropriate presentation of mental health problems and lot of people argues that the film makes fun of mentally ill people and perpetuates ugly stigmas about mental illness. Me, Myself Irene is a perfect example of what the media represents about the relationship between violence and mental disorder, and as Thornicroft (2006) claims, schizophrenia is often linked to violence in films and media. This can be seen in my case example, when Hank assaults a group of people and also when starts to drown a young girl who has insulted him. The media today has become more powerful agent than it was in the past. Many support that the function of media is vital within societies as they have been acclaimed as agents of the democratic institutions and guardians of citizens rights (McQuail, 2003). Others believe that the media just represent extremity and exaggeration to earn publicity, and as Bennett (1999) claims News is the policy of hallucinations. However, it is a fact that people collect most of the information from the TV, newspapers and radio and as Thornicroft supports the majority of people gather what they know about mental illnesses either from personal experience and contact with people with such conditions, or from the mass media (Thornicroft, 2007). Media portrayals are most of the time inaccurate and sensationalized, depicting mentally ill people as different, dangerous, unpredictable and violent. According to that and what we see from the film My, Myself Irene, Hank unpredictably assaults whoever is in front of him, making strange movements and behaving abnormally (especially during the personality change from good Charlie to villain Hank). Such representations make people to misunderstand mental disorder, and this misrepresentation appears to play an active part in shaping and sustaining what mental illness means in our culture. As probably already shown, I am not a totally unbiased observer of what is happening these days. I have a point of view, based on what I have read so far (research) and on personal experience (once, I had the opportunity to have a conversation with a mentally ill friend) and what is going to be presented in this assignment convey this point of view. I strongly believe that mass media portrayals of mental disorder are in the overwhelming majority inaccurate, inappropriate, unfavourable and harmful to mentally ill people. You only have to read a newspaper, switch on the TV or go to the cinema to spot such demeaning attitudes which can affect significant undesirable consequences. Such consequences will be discussed later in another chapter. Mass media treat mental disorder as an object of ridicule, using psychiatric terminology inaccurately, and to overuse slang disrespectful terms for mental illness. For example, consider the use of Charlies diagnosis with delusionary schizophrenia with involuntary narcissistic rage. I am not an expert thus; I have had to do a research on that, just to find that, once again, misrepresentation took place and media used mental disorder as a source of humor. Britains two largest mental health charities, Mind and National Schizophrenia Fellowship, have joined with the Royal College of Psychiatrists and claim that people affected by schizophrenia dont switch from gentle to mental, as the billboard advertisements say, but are more often withdrawn. In fact, split personality is a totally different condition; it is a dissociative disorder rather than a psychotic illness. Furthermore, they argue that the behaviour portrayed in the film, has nothing whatever to do with schizophrenia (www.findart icles.com). I am a member of mass media consumer myself. I am continually entertained by the television programmes, movies and newspapers which I eagerly consume. However, this will not stop me from looking carefully and critically the media misrepresentation of mental health problems. Comedy portrayals tend to depict mental illnesses as primarily involving little more than specific oddities that the individuals manifest repetitively. This notion of mental disorder as a humorous oddity is conveyed in our movie and movies, whatever their titles, continuously find ways to present mental illnesses as laughable and ridiculous. The fact that our film has a funny plot which involve violence, mental health, beautiful girls and bad guys hunting good guys, succeeds to attract viewers attention and interest (Charlie, Hank and Irene produce fun during the film for example when Charlie is trying to make Hank go away etc). Media images are emotionally arousing, they do not only provide information, but they manipulate emotions in deliberate, skillful and effective way. Thus, I believe that it is very important to understand that movies which are not about mental illnesses, (our movie is categorized as comedy) they make viewers to merely absorb what they see, and therefore reinforce their biases and already inaccurate views, without being particularly aware that they are learning about mental illness. According to that, and as one film critic commended, Comedies may be mindless, but that does not mean it is not affecting minds (Wahl, 2003). Societys lack of knowledge, negative attitude and discriminatory behaviour is one of the central paradoxes because we live in a world in which up to half of all adults will be diagnosed with mental disorder in their lifetime. Furthermore, up to three-quarters of adult population know someone directly who has mental disorder, and yet we all act as if nobody knows anything (Thornicroft, 2006). Thus, I cannot understand why people who still feel threatened by it, allow stigma to thrive. Mental disorder misrepresentation by the media also poses significant limitations in the initiatives to normalize mental health services within the community and therefore reduce harmful stigma. According to that, many mentally ill people face prejudice and severe discrimination when happens to live next to healthy people Just because I have a mental health problem, I am now shunned, my life made even more difficult to live. Maria is a woman whose only crime is to live in an area in which a hostel for people with mental health problems is planned (Thornicroft-Shunned-2006). Publics perception of mental illness is one of fear and paranoia, bordering on mass media as they often use words such as nutter, psycho and schizo. This can be seen in the film Me, Myself Irene, when Irene used to apology for Hanks behaviour, saying that he is a schizo. These words are derogatory which should not be used. In relation to this, I have the obligation to express my opinion that a civilization should be judged by how it behaves towards mentally ill. Likewise, I believe that the well-being of a social system depends on the prosperity of the teams within this social system. Thus, any discrimination and stigma makes social system dysfunctional as a whole. Equally important to be mentioned is that during the movie, I have realized that misrepresentation of mental disorder not only took place on Charlie/Hank but there was a pervasive and persistent pattern to degrade mental disorder through Whiteys portrayal that according to the plot, have killed his entire family. As mentioned before, everyday people are learning, from everyday sources, concerning mental illnesses and it appears unfortunate that the majority of those people learn about mental illness from what they see and hear in the mass media. However, even if I believe that the mass media are not wholly to blame for negative perceptions, but every time programmes, articles or film portrays a stereotype, they fail to clear up a misunderstanding about mental disorder and thus, this helps to perpetuate the myths. In the following extract taken from the book Media madness: public images of mental illness (Wahl, 2003), there is an interesting, clear illustration of how the fearful mass media with the bold headlines tend to misrepresent mental disorder. The case is about a 30 year old woman who entered an elementary school in Winnetka, Illinois in May 1988 and shot a number of children. ..Times May 30, 1988, headline introducing the story of this tragic incident was One Lunatic, Three Guns. The event was truly tragic, and it is likely that mental illness was a contributing factor in the womans actions. Referring to the mentally ill person involved as a lunatic, however, was both unnecessary (Newsweeks article on the same incident was titled simply I Have Hurt Some Children: Nightmare in Winnetka) and inconsistent with standards applied to other groups. If the Winnetka school killing had been committed by someone in a wheelchair, it is unlikely that the Times headline would have read One Cripple, Three Guns. If the incident had involved a black woman, the headline would not have proclaimed One Nigger, Three Guns. There seems not to be the same hesitancy about using similarly disrespectful terms in referring to people with mental illnesses (www.time.com). Hence, it is obvious that the mass media tend to misrepresent mental illness with disrespectful patterns, fueling public fear and letting stigma to thrive. Stigma, in ancient Greece was bodily sign for those who were different. Stigmata were cut and burnt onto these different people (most of the time slaves) bodies to mark them as different from the rest population (http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk). Nowadays, mentally ill people are no longer physically mutilated, but still depreciation and hostile attitudes towards them can be just as hurtful to them. Individuals with mental health problems are stereotyped and stigmatized through the media as mad and violent, and thus this stigma causes serious obstacles in their life. Shame, blame and secrecy are taking place as they are the black sheep of the family. Mentally ill people experience severe stigma, discrimination, social exclusion and thus, isolation. Media represents mentally disordered as individuals dangerous to the public, strange and unpredictable like Hank (after all, who would want to live next to somebody who parks a car inside a shop and fights a cow?). But, the relationship between violence and mental disorder is not what the mass media simply represents. It is a complex matter that needs further consideration and critical thinking. Thus, in the following paragraphs we will try to understand what the real relationship is. Having said that the representation of a phenomenon by the media reflect the frame in which a phenomenon is socially placed, it is considered essential at this point to mention that it is much more likely for people to become victimized from healthy offenders than becoming a victim from a mentally disordered individual. The depiction of the mentally ill individual as violent, unanticipated, dangerous and potential criminal appears to be extremely popular in the medias interest. Furthermore, in the connection between mental illness and violence, schizophrenia possesses a prominent place, mainly because of its complexity. According to this, researches in Great Britain shows that the frame of violence outclasses against other approaches in proportion 4:1 and the individuals with mental illness almost always are presented with negative way, as violent, murderers or rapists, or, in the better case, as objects of sneer (Wahl, 2003). Additionally, and as empirical evidence show us, actually, the percentage of crimes of violence that has been committed by individuals with mental disturbance does not abstain perceptibly from what is attributed to the general population (Eronen et al., 1996), and the majority of acts of violence that are committed by mental patients are located in cases of incomplete therapeutic confrontation or even parallel use of substances (Swanson, 1997). However, this study, and most of the studies conducted until recently, have focused on the rates of violence among people with mental disorder, based on those who were hospitalized (inpatients) or on rates of mentally ill which were arrested, convicted or incarcerated for violent crimes. For example, one national survey showed that the lifetime risk of schizophrenia was 5% among people convicted for homicide, a prevalence that is much higher than any published rate of schizophrenia in the general population (suggesting the relationship between schizophrenia and homicide). (http://content.nejm.org). These studies, however, have many limitations as they only refer to individuals who were arrested, hospitalized or incarcerated which are by definition more likely to be violent or very ill and thus are not accurate representative of mentally ill in the general population. However, according to a study conducted by NIMH Epidemiology Catchment Area it was found that mentally ill patients suffering from serious mental disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or major depression were two to three times as likely as healthy people to be assaultive. At this point it is very important to mention that not all mental illnesses are linked to violence. For example, anxiety disorders do not increase the risk of violence. However, although the overwhelming majority of mentally ill with major depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder do not produce criminal behaviour, the presence of such disorders is significantly linked to an increased risk of violence. Furthermore, this study which had representative sample of 17.803 subjects, showed that people with no mental health problems who abuse alcohol and drugs are seven times as likely to report a violent behaviour as those without substance abuse whereas, mentally ill with substance abuse compounds the increased risk of violence (alcohol and substance abuse far outweigh mental disorder in contributing violence) (http://content.nejm.org). I am aware of the fact that the link between violence and mental disorder is not that strong. It is a controversial subject and hence, I believe that whether or not, mentally ill are more likely than others to engage in violent behaviour, the subject is not an idle and needs further consideration. Thus, the public should not losing sight that most people who are violent are not mentally ill, and most people who are mentally ill are not violent. A look at the broader picture is essential, thus even though the media represents dramatic statistics in order to underscore their cases, mass media consumers should know that serious mental illness is quite rare and actually contributes little to the overall rate of violence in the general population. Furthermore, it is crucial for us to understand that, most of people who are violent do not suffer from mental illnesses. More specifically, mentally ill are more likely to be the victims, rather than the perpetrators of violence current research shows that people with major mental illness are 2.5 times more likely to be the victims of violence than other members of society (http://www.cmha.ca). Moreover, a 1996 Health Canada review of scientific articles found that the strongest predictor of violence and criminal behaviour is not major to mental illness, but past history of violence and criminality (http://www.cmha.ca). To conclude, and as mentioned before, mental disorder plays no part in the majority of violent crimes committed in our society. However, mentally ill people who live in a stressful, unpredictable environment with little family or community support may be at risk high risk of becoming violent (in relation to our case, Charlie/Hank was away from his family and chased across the country by corrupt cops). However, mental disorder misrepresentation by the media continues and it is not hard to understand why. Pamela Kalbfleisch claims, that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦nothing sells like an insane, unpredictable, undetected, glory killer on the loose who has caused a great deal of pain and anguish to the friends and relatives of the victim (Wahl, 2003). To the question why are people with mental disorder depicted consistently from the media in such inaccurate and inappropriate way (dangerous, different) the answer would be for profit. There is no question that mass media selection of what to present to the public is based on financial factors). Mass media operate for profit and wants to fulfill the publics thirst and excitement for violence related to mental disorder, and thus should present what the public will buy. Hence, it was considered essential for the films trailer to show Charlie explaining that he suffers from delusionary schizophrenia with involuntary narcissistic rage so that, attract viewers attention. Nevertheless, mental disorder produces profits (the film grossed $83 million in the USA according to The Guardian, July 28, 2000), (http://pb.rcpsych.org). Phenomena that are dramatic and puzzling have always been attractive to the public. Thus, what is more buy-able than a funny and unpredicted character acting like mad. Mental illness is therefore, transformed into madness, and madness related to fun is even more fascinating. Media representation of serious mental disorder, challenge publics appetite for arousal and excitement as stories about violent crime linked to mental illness provide titillation. However, the most important thing during the movie is that there was an inappropriate and inaccurate depiction that whenever a mentally ill individual does not take the medication becomes villain (Hank wanted to fight a 10-year-old boy, he vanished a cow, almost drowned a young girl). Thus, this misrepresentation contains an explicit message that the public needs vigilant protection from mental patients. Consequently, when viewers see such misrepresentation of mental disorder taking place, they become fearful that those different people are highly likely to cause physical harm to other people. In other words, this pervasive portray of mentally ill as violent and extremely dangerous, will only lead media consumers to a general belief that mentally ill individuals will attack and therefore harm their community. Such belief will, in turn, create moral panic, and fear in the presence of mentally ill. After all, and as previously expressed, who would feel safe next to somebody who parks a car inside a shop? According to this, and as many believe that homelessness is closely related to mental disorder, moral panic lead to a random attack on a homeless man with schizophrenia in Toronto June 4, 2000 Fillmore was attacked as he lay sleeping in a bus shelter last June: he was stabbed and bled to death (http://pb.rcpsych.org). Just imagine that once patients leave psychiatric hospitals and therefore eager for support and acceptance, are instead treated with suspicion and fear. This misrepresentation will fuel panic and increase the prejudice and fear, and will make people to cross the street or exit buses or move away when they happen to be next of mentally ill. Moreover, it is highly likely that people who are persuaded by the media to ignore and fear of mentally ill, to become mentally ill. This, in turn, will lead them to self-loathing as they now know that they have become violent, dangerous, and different and so forth. Moreover, mentally ill are bombarded with unfavourable information about them and therefore perceived as threat (self-stigma) and thus, these attitudes towards them have devastating effect on their relationships, employment, housing and social functioning. The discrimination and stigma, excludes them from any social activity and the issue of employment as well (http://bjp.rcpsych.org). According to this, I believe that the most important step to recovery is to work, because of employment offers a social network, route out of poverty. To conclude, I would like to mention that it is very sad when viewers (including myself) see the way films and mass media in general, portray people with mental disorder as if there is not anyone who is positive. But I guess, non aggressive mentally ill do not sell. It is also very inappropriate the fact that the mass media misrepresent mentally ill people and portray them as monsters who want to harm us. Additionally, I have concluded that the mass media inaccurately present the relationship between mental disorder and violence. Furthermore, I found that the mass media fuel public fear by generalizing all mental illnesses and stereotyping its patients. I also found that the impact of stigma and the discrimination against mentally ill is both common and severe. Ultimately, I suggest that all the incorrect beliefs of previous generations should not be passing on to new. The stigmatizing and discriminating attitudes towards mentally ill people have been going on for a long time and it is time to stop as I am a believer that the way our society behaves the mentally ill, is not only an issue of mental health care but human rights issue. According to this, I would like to conclude with the following words written by a relative of one mentally ill patient. For me stigma means fear, resulting in a lack of confidence. Stigma is loss, resulting in unresolved mourning issues. Stigma is not having access to resources Stigma is being invisible or being reviled, resulting in conflict. Stigma is lowered family esteem and intense shame, resulting in decreased self-worth. Stigma is secrecy Stigma is anger, resulting in distance. Most importantly, stigma is hopelessness, resulting in helplessness. (http://apt.rcpsych.org). .